The Ottoman Empire

                  The powerful Ottoman Empire lasted from 1300 until 1923, over six hundred years.  It was the most powerful in the world at that time, with 30-35 million people under its rule, and an army of approximately 100,000 people.  The Ottomans defeated the Serbian Empire (the Serbs were Greek/ Orthodox Christians), and the Byzantine Empire, and among their conquests were Egypt, Syria, Arabia, and the Balkans.

Osman founded a Sultan dynasty of ten rulers around 1300.  The Sultans were mostly good leaders, though all under them were considered both slaves and family (not quite sure how that worked!).  The Sultans’ palace was also the place that held a harem of 2000 women.  Another famous sultan was Sulieman the Magnificent (1520-66), who was sultan and caliph, and who claimed the leadership of Sunni Islam.

Topkapi Palace was the center for Ottoman Power, and was in Istanbul, or Constantinople, as it was called before the Turks conquered it from the Byzantine Empire in 1453, under Mehmet II.  The Topkapi Palace’s kitchen fed 5,000 per day, and 10,000 per day if there was a banquet.  The grounds were 7.5 million square feet, and contained 10 mosques, 14 bathhouses, 2 hospitals, 4,000 horses, and a Janissary Barracks. 

One interesting thing is that I found about the Ottoman Emipire was their Janissary Corps.  This corps was made from the “boy tax,” or devshirme, a tax that was put on the Balkan Christians.  The boys were converted to Islam, educated, and rose to the top as viziers or as part of the Janissary Corps, which was an elite group of soldiers who were not allowed to marry or own land.  Some Christians resented this “boy tax,” while others saw it as a chance for their boys to advance.  Eventually, the Janissary Corps became discontent, grew very powerful in the government, and eventually were eliminated because of their strength and mutiny against the government.

Israeli Movies

                  Time of Favor was an excellent film.  Unfortunately, I was not able to watch the entire thing, and could not get a hold of Beaufort, either.  But what I did see of Time of Favor, I thoroughly enjoyed.

I cannot remember all of the characters names, so you will have to bear with me- the only names that I can remember are Pini and Menachem.  My favorite character was Menachem, and I did not know what to think of the girl (I cannot remember her name).  I despised Pini.  I say that I “liked” the characters, because to me, this movie was slightly more Hollywood-like than was Paradise Now.  This movie had more of the traditional “happy-ending” with the good characters becoming heroes.  It was nice to see a happy-ending again for a change, I have to admit!

                  It was enlightening to hear what other people had to say about the movie during our class discussion.  I especially think that the parallel that was drawn between Paradise Now and Time of Favor was especially enlightening.  Though the issues addressed were slightly different in each film, the fact that both movies’ plots centered on suicide bombers on either side made them complimentary to one another. 

                  What made me slightly uneasy in class was that we seemed to keep coming back to the Palestinian plight, rather than really keeping focused on discussing what might be troubling the Israelis right now.  I think it is necessary that we discuss both sides evenly, one unit discussing the Palestinians and one unit discussing the Israelis, and not give one side more credit or time than the other.  The class as a whole seemed to more readily denounce Israeli literature as biased, but was not as hesitant to accept Palestinian literature as the same.  Not that I think Palestinian literature is unimportant; on the contrary, it is very important.  But so is Israeli literature.  Just because Israeli literature does not present the opinion that one agrees with does not mean that its opinion is not valid.  And just because Palestinian literature is “new” to many of us does not necessarily discredit the opinions of other more-commonly-read literature.  I hope I am not misunderstanding what was said or implied in class; I only thought that this was something that should be brought up.

 

Elie Cohn

                  The second story that I had chosen for my outside reading had been one titled The Lemon Tree.  But half way through my first book, I came across a book in one of my storage boxes, one that had been given to me a long time ago.  (Don’t you just love when you come across something at just the right time!?)  The story is called Our Man in Damascus: Elie Cohn, written by Eli Ben-hanan.  It’s description is accurate: “the thrilling, shocking, true story of Israel’s most daring spy.”  This story redeemed my outside reading, because at that point I was disappointed and bored with my other book (which I had to get very far into before realizing my disappointment in it!), and I was having trouble finding any films to watch.  But because espionage stories have always thrilled me, this book perked my interest!

                  The story is just as the description, an inside story on the life of an Israeli spy and his vital mission in Syria.  The front cover gives the end away- it shows Elie being hanged, with a huge sign and big Arabic letters on it.  The story was published and printed in Israel and is set in the 1960’s.  Elie’s mission involves becoming intimate friends with the Ba’ath supporters in Syria, who ultimately overthrew the then current Syrian government.  This Ba’athist coup threw Elie into a position of being close friends with the new President and all of the main government officials.  From what I understood in the story, the Ba’athists posed more of a threat to Israel, and by becoming close friends with the new Ba’athist leaders, Elie obtained crucial and top-secret information from them that he transmits back to Tel Aviv.  This detailed information assured some of Israel’s victories over Syrian-planned attacks.

                  The book is very interesting, but it shows more of the war side of Israel than the culture or religious side, only because it is a short book focused on a spy.  I am also not sure how to get multiple copies of the book, since it was given to me.  But I definitely recommend it to anyone studying Israel who is interested in espionage!

Ps- this is a link to a little history of Elie Cohn:

http://www.jewishmag.com/67mag/eliecohn/eliecohn.htm

Outside Films

                  For my outside film viewing, I watched a couple of documentaries on issues pertaining to Israel and a film titled The Band’s Visit. 

                  The most interesting documentary that I watched was one titled Women of the Wall, a documentary that I picked up at the WMU library.  This is a film chronicling the struggle for women’s rights in the state of Israel, particularly women’s rights to pray in public at the famous Kotel, or Western Wall.  The women in the film go against tradition by wearing the prayer rug and other religious articles that only men traditionally wear, and by carrying and reading from the Torah.  Before this film, I did not know much about these Jewish traditions, and did not realize that Jewish women still did not have as many religious “rights” as Jewish men.  The women in the film meet once a month to pray as a group at the wall, even though it is against the law.  When I looked to see if women had been granted these rights since the time of the film (made in 1999), I discovered that they had not, though they continue to meet once a month and on certain other holidays, such as Purim.  The Supreme Court in Israel had actually granted them these rights for about four days, but the state overruled the court; now women’s communal prayer is “punishable by a fine and seven years in prison.” (see link below)  These facts were very surprising to me, since I had thought that women enjoyed equality in Israel.  Some fascinating information about the Women of the Wall group can be found at this link: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/WOW.html

                  The film The Band’s Visit is about an Egyptian police orchestra that is invited to perform at an Arab culture center in Israel.  The band members have trouble pronouncing the “p” sound, and end up in a different town than they plan because of mispronouncing the town’s name (Arabic has no “p” sound, only a “b” sound.).  The band members end up staying with some locals in the small town, and the story is a tender portrayal of the humanness of the Egyptian and Israeli people.  The traditional strife between the two cultures is somewhat eliminated by the sharing of music, and by interacting with one another on an individual basis.  

A Pigeon and a Boy: Almost Finished!

            I have had fun with my outside reading for my group, the Israeli group, but have also been slightly frustrated.  I am reading the book A Pigeon and a Boy, but am now disappointed in it, even though I am near the end.  The book is not what I had expected; it is a little too graphic for my taste, and the story is quite odd. 

                  A Pigeon and a Boy was written by Meir Shalev, and fluctuates between two stories.  The first story is written in the first person about a character named Yair Mendelsohn and is a narrative of his fairly normal, daily life.  The story begins when Yair is a child, and continues until he is a grown man who has a job as a tour guide and who struggles with a failing marriage.  The second story is about two characters called “the Baby” and “the Girl,” two child pigeon raisers who meet and fall in love.  The chapters alter back and forth between the two stories, but the reader does not see the significance of the second story, and how it intertwines with the first story, until near the end of the novel. 

Yair continually addresses his mother as the reader of his tale, though his mother has already passed away.  Two important facts that Yair restates often are the fact that he looks very different than the rest of his family and the fact that his mother did not always have a happy marriage with her husband.  This unhappy marriage seems to affect Yair later in life when he suffers from an unhappy marriage as well. 

I did not think that the novel was teaching me much about life in Israel, but maybe that is because life there is not drastically different from life in America, or any other Westernized country!  What the book has given me is much information on pigeon raising!  Hmm, not quite what I expected!!!

   

A Lake Beyond the Wind

                  A Lake Beyond the Wind  is the book that I chose to read for the Palestinian group.  I have not quite finished it yet, and so far I am still somewhat confused!  Right now the story seems to be going in different directions, and I have not quite fit all of the pieces together.  It is interesting to see how the story keeps switching narrators, but I am not sure how each of the narrators fit together.

                  The one thing that seems to be tying different narrators and characters together in the story so far is the vest.  The navy bullet-proof vest keeps appearing and disappearing in the different narratives.  It is seen in the hands of one character, then seems to leave the story in the hands of a different character, only to reappear in the hands of yet another character.  What is this vest?  Is it a symbol of some sort?  It is continually portrayed as something that each character desires to possess.  Being a bullet-proof vest, could it stand for the desire for peace in Palestine, or the desire that each of the characters has to be “exempt” from leading war-torn life?  If that is the case, then it is even more interesting that the vest was sold to Radi- a young boy- by the hands of a British soldier.  Even more, the soldier was leaving the battle to go home; that is why he had no use for the vest anymore.  But why did he sell it, instead of just taking it home with him? 

                  It was interesting that each of the characters in Radi’s village so admired the vest, and had never even seen one before.  It was almost like magic to them, totally surreal.  Could the author be implying that the Middle East, at least the Palestinian area, deeply desires peace, but it has been so long removed from the area that it is only a foreign and superstitious idea to its people?  Could he be implying that they deeply admire peace, but have trouble believing in it?  And even more, does he imply that peace comes and goes in each character’s life, never staying very long with any one of them?  Hmmm, these are thoughts I will continue to ponder as I finish the end of the book!

Paradise Now

                  Wow… Again.  When I watched Paradise Now last night, I figured I would turn it off when I got too tired, because it was already almost eleven-thirty when I started it.  That didn’t happen!  I was enthralled with the movie, and could not keep my eyes from being glued to the computer screen.  I also cried, but no one needs to know that…

                  Even though I did not agree with much of the film Reel Bad Arabs, I definitely agree on their review of Paradise Now!  It was an excellently produced movie, along with having a phenomenal story line.  The way that they were able to show what went on inside the minds of the two would-be suicide bombers, and the many different aspects and struggles of the whole mission was both amazing and heart-breaking.  Before this movie, I had never quite thought about all the struggles that a suicide bomber would deal with before he died.  I had only thought, “How could a person do that?  What about his whole life that he is throwing away, and how will his death really affect his family, especially if his death makes no difference to their situation?” 

                  These subconscious thoughts were brought to the front of my mind during the scene where Saha is talking to Khaled in the car, and they are trying to find Said.  In my opinion, this was the climax of the movie.  Saha had wise words for Khaled.  Though this movie was definitely pro-Palestinian, the words of Saha in this scene softened the tone, when she said that their deaths would only give the other side another reason to bomb them.    

                  Needless to say, I thought that the end was going to be slightly more happy (how naïve of me) and more informative.  From the preview, I expected both Khaled and Said to make the same decision.  But we instead are left hanging about Said’s decision!  Ahhhh, movie endings!!!!  But still, good choice of movie, guys!

A Further Question about Iraq War Sentiments

“What other questions do I still have about Iraq?”  Wow, how about “which question am I going to pick to do some research on?!”  Hmm, let’s see: how about  “If some Iraqi civilians dislike Americans being in Iraq (for war purposes, at least), and some agree with Americans being there, how would I find out what percentage of each exists?  And what about all of the opinions in between?”  Ok, so this question is going to be about as difficult to answer as finding out what Americans themselves think about the war in Iraq… or even more difficult!  So here go my efforts…

When I first began to research on the internet to see if I could find any pro-American sentiment from Iraqis toward the war, I did not find much (possibly a statement in itself, possibly just because I was not using the right words in the search engine).  But I did find this interesting site that talks about Indian pro-American feelings.  Now it may not seem to relate to the topic very well, but there are many Muslims in India, and the article has some interesting polls that relate to the Iraq war and feelings about it on the international level.  Here is the site: http://pewglobal.org/commentary/display.php?AnalysisID=1002  

The next article I found was a NY Times article that talks about a blog by three brothers in Iraq who seemed to approve of America’s presence there.  The blog was very controversial, and I would like to find it in order to view it myself.  Here is the article: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/18/arts/18blog.html

Another article that I found cautioned us to be careful to understand any pro-American Iraqi sentiment, to see if it is really true or if it comes from some sort of government push from America to bolster its approval rate.  It is interesting and has some valid points, but I also think that we must then be careful to treat anti-American sentiments with the same level of critique.  Here is that article: http://terrorism.about.com/od/wariniraq/a/IraqResistance.htm

Finally, below are listed some various sites that link to polls on the Iraq war, some from Americans and some from Iraqis.  Now, granted I do not know the level of credibility of any of these sources; and if I were ever to teach any of these materials, I would definitely be doing more in-depth research!  The internet IS the just the internet!!!!!

Poll sites:

http://i.abcnews.com/PollingUnit/story?id=4444000&page=1   -- ABC news polls

http://www.abcnews.go.com/images/PollingUnit/1060a1IraqWhereThingsStand.pdf  --pdf of poll

http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq.htm  polls- though from Americans, I think

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion_on_the_Iraq_War#Iraqi_opinion  -- Iraqi polls, Wikipedia

ENJOY!!!!